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RT-10 is a lipidated synthetic peptide investigated across receptor pharmacology and metabolic research. It simultaneously engages three class B GPCR targets — the GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptors — and appears in in vitro signaling studies, animal metabolic models, and published multi-dose study design literature examining metabolic and hepatic biomarker endpoints.
Type
Synthetic peptide (acylated, 39 residues)
Molecular formula
C221H342N46O68
Molecular weight
~4,731 Da
CAS number
2381089-83-2
Amino acids
39
Fatty acid chain
C20 diacid
A single-peptide triple agonist built on a GIP/GLP-1/glucagon hybrid scaffold that engages three class B GPCRs — the GIP receptor (GIPR), the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). Cryo-EM structures of RT-10 bound to each receptor–Gs complex reveal a continuous α-helical conformation in which the N-terminal segment inserts into the receptor's transmembrane bundle and the central segment contacts extracellular loops. Non-standard residues (Aib, α-methyl-Leu) confer protease resistance; the C20 fatty-diacid side chain confers reversible albumin binding, extending circulatory half-life.
Research Focus
Studied in vitro and in preclinical models in the context of receptor pharmacology and metabolic disease research.
In vitro studies characterize RT-10 as a full agonist at each of its three target receptors. Using cAMP accumulation assays in cells expressing GLP-1R, GIPR, and GCGR individually, investigators (Coskun et al., 2022) measured receptor activation and compared it with native reference ligands. Binding assays confirmed high-affinity engagement at each receptor. In primary human cell models carrying endogenous receptor expression, assays examined hepatocyte glucose output (via GCGR engagement) and adipocyte lipolysis (via GIPR engagement). Alanine-scanning mutagenesis, conducted alongside cryo-EM structural analysis, identified both shared and receptor-specific peptide–receptor contacts, providing a mechanistic basis for how a single peptide sequence can simultaneously activate three structurally homologous but pharmacologically distinct GPCRs. Downstream Gs signaling was confirmed at each receptor through cAMP pathway readouts.
Lyophilized
-20°C (-80°C long term)
powder typically stable ~24 months.
Reconstituted
Reviews
Gutgesell RM, Nogueiras R, Tschöp MH, Müller TD. (2024). Diabetes Therapy — Review of dual and triple incretin receptor agonist therapies in metabolic research
Misra S, et al. (2025). J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol — Systematic review of RT-10 Phase 2 clinical study data
Modification
Aib at positions 2 and 20; α-methyl-Leu at position 13; C-terminal amide; Lys17-linked C20 fatty-diacid acylation via a γ-Glu/AEEA linker.
-20°C ~1 month
2-8°C for short-term working use only.
Aliquot to avoid freeze-thaw; protect from light; keep sealed and dry.
Reviews
Systematic review & meta-analysis (2025). PubMed — Systematic review and meta-analysis of RT-10 multi-dose study data
Pasqualotto E, et al. (2024). Metabolism Open — Systematic review and meta-analysis of RT-10
Doggrell SA. (2023). Expert Opin Investig Drugs — Review of RT-10 pharmacology and development
Kaur M, Misra S. (2024). Eur J Clin Pharmacol — Review of RT-10 triple-agonist pharmacology in metabolic research
Ray A. (2023). Expert Opin Investig Drugs — Review of RT-10 as a triple incretin receptor agonist
Tetelbaum L, Mullally JA, Frishman WH. (2024). Cardiol Rev — Review of RT-10 triple-agonist pharmacology in metabolic research
Sinha B, Ghosal S. (2025). Obesity (Silver Spring) — Bayesian network meta-analysis of incretin agonist classes including RT-10
Clinical
Coskun T, et al. (2025). Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology — Phase 2 multi-dose substudy examining metabolic endpoints
Giblin K, et al. (2026). Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism — Phase 3 multi-trial program design and rationale paper
Sanyal AJ, et al. (2024). Nature Medicine — Phase 2a randomized, placebo-controlled hepatic imaging study
Urva S, et al. (2023). Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism — Study of RT-10 and gastric emptying
Primary research
Briand F, et al. (2025). Obesity — Preclinical metabolic study of RT-10 in a diet-induced rodent metabolic model
Marathe SJ, et al. (2025). npj Metabolic Health and Disease — Preclinical study of RT-10 in a mouse cancer model
Li W, et al. (2024). Cell Discovery — Cryo-EM structural study of RT-10 bound to GLP-1R, GIPR, and GCGR
Regmi A, Roell W. (2023). STAR Protocols — In vitro adipocyte lipolysis protocol with RT-10
Rosenstock J, et al. (2023). The Lancet — Phase 2 randomized, placebo- and active-controlled multi-dose study
Jastreboff AM, et al. (2023). NEJM — Phase 2 randomized, placebo-controlled multi-dose study (NCT04881760)
Urva S, et al. (2022). The Lancet — Phase 1b multiple-cohort pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study
Coskun T, et al. (2022). Cell Metabolism — Discovery and translational characterization of RT-10 as a triple receptor agonist