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Cognitive
A synthetic tripeptide bioregulator studied in neurological and gene-expression research.
Reviewed by Dr. James Whitfield, PharmD · Published · Last reviewed · For research use only.
Type
Synthetic linear tripeptide (peptide bioregulator)
Molecular formula
C15H26N6O8
Molecular weight
~418.4 g/mol
CAS number
175175-23-2
Amino acids
3
Sequence
Glu-Asp-Arg (EDR); H-L-Glu-L-Asp-L-Arg-OH
Pinealon carries no assigned cell-surface or cytoplasmic receptor in the literature. The proposed mode of action is receptor-independent: direct interaction with nuclear DNA and possibly histone proteins, positioned as a transcriptional/epigenetic regulator. Biophysical studies (NMR, viscometry, molecular dynamics) characterize contacts at the N7 and O6 atoms of guanine within the DNA major groove, with divalent Mg²⁺ reported to facilitate binding by screening the phosphate backbone. Molecular-docking analyses map candidate binding sites on promoter sequences of genes including TPH1, SOD2, GPX1, CASP3, PPARA, and PPARG. Cellular readouts measured in culture models include reactive-oxygen-species accumulation, MAPK/ERK1/2 phosphorylation kinetics, cell-cycle phase distribution, antioxidant-enzyme expression (SOD2, GPX1), and pro-apoptotic markers (caspase-3, p53).
Lyophilized
20°C long term
0–4°C short term.
Hygroscopic short peptide; protect from light and moisture.
Reviews
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2022). International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, et al. (2021). Molecules
Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Kozhevnikova EO, Trofimova SV. (2021). Molecules
Primary research
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2021). Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2025). Pharmaceuticals (Basel)
Karantysh GV, et al. (2020). Neurochemical Journal
Silanteva IA, et al. (2019). Journal of Physical Chemistry B
Kraskovskaya NA, et al. (2017). Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
Kraskovskaya NA, et al. (2017). Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2017). Journal of Neurology and Neuroscience
Khavinson VKh, Lin'kova NS, Tarnovskaya SI. (2016). Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2015). Advances in Gerontology
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2014). Advances in Gerontology
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2014). Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
Arutjunyan AV, Kozina LS, Stvolinskiy SL, Bulygina ER, Mashkina AP, Khavinson VKh. (2012). International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2012). Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2011). Rejuvenation Research
Kraskovskaya NA, et al. (2024). Int J Mol Sci
Sakhenberg EI, et al. (2025). Curr Issues Mol Biol
Voicekhovskaya MA, et al. (2012). Bull Exp Biol Med
Khavinson VKh, et al. (2011). Bull Exp Biol Med
Mendzheritskii AM, et al. (2011). Adv Gerontol
Research Use Only
These products are intended for research purposes only and are not for human consumption. Not FDA approved. Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
| Compound | Type | Molecular weight | CAS number |
|---|---|---|---|
| PinealonThis page | Synthetic linear tripeptide (peptide bioregulator) | ~418.4 g/mol | 175175-23-2 |
| Semax | Synthetic peptide (heptapeptide) | 813.93 g/mol | 80714-61-0 |
| Selank | Synthetic heptapeptide (tuftsin analog) | 751.88 g/mol | 129954-34-3 |
| ACTH(4–10) Adamantyl Analog | Synthetic peptide (ACTH fragment analog, 9 residues) | 1032.23 g/mol | — |
| N-Acetyl Semax | Synthetic linear heptapeptide derivative (N-terminal acetylation, C-terminal amidation); structural analog of ACTH(4–10) | 855.0 g/mol | 2920938-90-3 |
Comparison of laboratory reference specifications only. For research use only; not a therapeutic comparison.
Quality & methods